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 We acknowledge the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the first inhabitants of the nation and acknowledge Traditional Owners of the lands where our staff and students, live, learn and work. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License. Content from this Guide should be attributed to James Cook University Library. This does not apply to images, third party material (seek permission from the original owner) or any logos or insignia belonging to JCU or other bodies, which remain All Rights Reserved.. Quoted material should be reproduced word-for-word. Always include the author's last name, year of publication, and page number(s). Use 'p.' for a single page number (Example: p. 15) and 'pp.' for multiple page numbers (Example: pp. 125-126). If citing an online source without page numbers, cite the paragraph number (Example: para. 4). Author Before Quotation With Page NumbersAuthor (Year) "Quote" (p. #). Single Author: Schwartz (2013) noted, "The term 'cloud' comes from the traditional representation of the Internet in network diagrams" (p. 1626). Two Authors: Fontana and Montalbano (2008) found that “the market for these low-cost machines is being driven by inexpensive bandwidth; the growth of services and cloud computing; and cloud-based processing, storage, management and associated IT services” (p. 12). Three or more Authors: Lyoob, Rossetti, and Chen (2013) stated, "Every cloud solution provider has a different set of offerings and a different pricing model" (p. 35). Author Before Quotation Without Page NumbersAuthor (Year) "Quote" (para. paragraph #). Single Author: Griffith (2013) stated, "In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of your computer's hard drive" (para. 2). Two Authors: Rajan and McEvoy (2012) indicated that "cloud storage has a distinct advantage in that your files exist in a place and not on a device" (para. 8). Three or more Authors: Denton, Lee, and Chavez (2013) highlighted, "cloud based computing requires one to be connected to the Internet" (para. 12). Author After Quotation With Page NumbersWhen citing multiple authors after a quotation the ampersand symbol '&' is used instead of the word 'and'. "Quote" (Author, Year, p. #) Single Author: "The term 'cloud' comes from the traditional representation of the Internet in network diagrams" (Schwartz, 2013, p. 1626). Two Authors: "The market for these low-cost machines is being driven by inexpensive bandwidth; the growth of services and cloud computing; and cloud-based processing, storage, management, and associated IT services” (Fontana & Montalbano, 2008, p. 12). Three or More Authors: "Every cloud solution provider has a different set of offerings and a different pricing model" (lyoob, Rossetti, & Chen, 2013, p. 35). **Note: In the above in-text citation, one of the authors’ last names is not capitalized. As a general rule, APA requires proper nouns to be capitalized. With author names, however, your goal is to write the name as the author him- or herself has presented it in scholarly work. Thus, if the name starts with a lowercase letter in the source you are citing, as is the case above with the name ‘lyoob,’ keep it lowercase. The exceptions to this are if the name 1) begins a sentence or 2) is the first word after a colon when what follows the colon is an independent clause. Author After Quotation Without Page NumbersWhen citing multiple authors after a quotation the ampersand symbol '&' is used instead of the word 'and'. "Quote" (Author, Year, para. paragraph #). Single Author: "In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of your computer's hard drive" (Griffith, 2013, para. 2). Two Authors: "Cloud storage has a distinct advantage in that your files exist in a place and not on a device" (Rajan & McEvoy, 2012, para. 8). Three or more Authors: "Cloud based computing requires one to be connected to the Internet" (Denton, Lee, & Chavez, 2013, para. 12). A direct quote is a piece of text copied word-for-word from a source. You may quote a word, phrase, sentence, or entire passage. There are three main rules for quoting in APA Style:
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Citing a direct quoteTo cite a quote in APA, you always include the the author’s last name, the year the source was published, and the page on which the quote can be found. The page number is preceded by “p.” (for a single page) or “pp.” (for a page range). There are two types of APA in-text citation: parenthetical and narrative. In a parenthetical citation, you place the entire citation in parentheses directly after the quote and before the period (or other punctuation mark). Example: APA parenthetical citationA recent study of student plagiarism found that “plagiarism is often a matter of confusion rather than deception” (Horváth & Kovács, 2020, p. 4).In a narrative citation, the author(s) appear as part of your sentence. Place the year in parentheses directly after the author’s name, and place the page number in parentheses directly after the quote. Example: APA narrative citationHorváth and Kovács (2020) argue that “plagiarism is often a matter of confusion rather than deception” (p. 4).Remember that every in-text citation must correspond to a full APA reference at the end of the text. You can easily create your reference list with our free APA Citation Generator. Generate APA references Quoting a source with no page numbersSome source types, such as web pages, do not have page numbers. In this case, to cite a direct quote, you should generally include an alternative locator, unless the source is very short. The locator may be a chapter or section heading (abbreviated if necessary), a paragraph number, or a combination of the two. Use whichever locator will help your reader find the quote most easily. For sources such as movies, YouTube videos, or audiobooks, use a timestamp to locate the beginning of the quote.
Example: Citing a section headingWhile quotation is a useful tool, it should not be overused: “Relying too heavily on quotes often makes a paper less original” (Oliveira, 2018, Originality section). Example: Citing a paragraph numberWhile quotation is a useful tool, it should not be overused: “Relying too heavily on quotes often makes a paper less original” (Oliveira, 2018, para. 5). Example: Citing a heading and paragraphWhile quotation is a useful tool, it should not be overused: “Relying too heavily on quotes often makes a paper less original” (Oliveira, 2018, Originality section, para. 5). Example: Citing a timestampWhile quotation is a useful tool, it should not be overused: “Relying too heavily on quotes often makes a paper less original” (Oliveira, 2018, 01:23). Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.Try for freeQuoting 40 words or more (APA block quotes)If the quote contains 40 words or more, it must be formatted as a block quote. To format a block quote in APA Style:
Like regular quotes, block quotes can be cited with a parenthetical or narrative citation. However, if the block quote ends with a period, place the citation after the period.
Example: Block quote with parenthetical citationSometimes it is necessary to quote a source at length: Block quoting is particularly useful when you want to comment on an author’s language or present an argument that you will then critique. By setting the quote on a new line and indenting it, the passage is clearly marked apart from your own words. Therefore, no quotation marks are necessary. (O’Connor, 2019, p. 38) Example: Block quote with narrative citationO’Connor (2019) explains the purpose and format of block quotes: Block quoting is particularly useful when you want to comment on an author’s language or present an argument that you will then critique. By setting the quote on a new line and indenting it, the passage is clearly marked apart from your own words. Therefore, no quotation marks are necessary. (p. 38) Block quotes with multiple paragraphsIf the block quote contains multiple paragraphs, indent the first line of each paragraph after the first. Example: Block quote with multiple paragraphsSometimes it is necessary to quote a source at length:Block quoting is particularly useful when you want to comment on an author’s language or present an argument that you will then critique. By setting the quote on a new line and indenting it, the passage is clearly marked apart from your own words. Therefore, no quotation marks are necessary. However, it is important not to rely on long quotes to make your point for you. Each quote must be introduced and explained or discussed in your own words. (O’Connor, 2019, p. 38) Making changes to direct quotes in APAIn general, a direct quote should be an exact reproduction of the original. However, there are some situations where you may need to make small changes. You may change the capitalization of the first word or the final punctuation mark in order to integrate the quote grammatically into your sentence, as long as the meaning is not altered. Any other changes must be marked following these APA guidelines. Shortening a quoteIf you want to omit some words, phrases, or sentences from the quote to save space, use an ellipsis (. . .) with a space before and after it to indicate that some material has been left out. If the part you removed includes a sentence break, add a period before the ellipsis to indicate this.
Example: Quote shortened with ellipsisAccording to O’Connor (2019), “block quoting is particularly useful when you want to . . . present an argument that you will then critique” (p. 38). Example: Quote shortened with ellipsis and periodAccording to O’Connor (2019), “block quoting is particularly useful when you want to comment on language or present an argument that you will then critique. . . . However, it is important not to rely on long quotes to make your point for you” (p. 38). Clarifying a quoteSometimes you might want to add a word or phrase for context. For example, if a pronoun is used in the quote, you may add a name to clarify who or what is being referred to. Any added text should be enclosed in square brackets to show that it is not part of the original. Example: Adding text to a quoteIn the view of Anderson (2017), “the results [of the election] reflected global patterns” (p. 17).Adding emphasis to quotesIf you want to emphasize a word or phrase in a quote, italicize it and include the words “emphasis added” in square brackets. Example: Italicizing for emphasisIn the view of Anderson (2017), “the results reflected global patterns [emphasis added]” (p. 17).Errors in quotesIf the quote contains a spelling or grammatical error, indicate it with the Latin word “sic”, italicized and in square brackets, directly after the error. Example: Indicating an errorIn the view of Anderson (2017), “the results reflected global paterns [sic]” (p. 17).Frequently asked questions about APA StyleHow do I quote in APA format? To include a direct quote in APA, follow these rules:
How do I cite in APA format? You need an APA in-text citation and reference entry. Each source type has its own format; for example, a webpage citation is different from a book citation. Use Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator to generate flawless citations in seconds or take a look at our APA citation examples. How do I cite a source with no page numbers in APA Style? When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation. If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two: (Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1). Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations, as they are unreliable. If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker. When should I use “et al.” in APA in-text citations? The abbreviation “et al.” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors. Here’s how it works: Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018). How do I cite an indirect source in APA Style? (“as cited in”) In an APA in-text citation, you use the phrase “as cited in” if you want to cite a source indirectly (i.e., if you cannot find the original source). Parenthetical citation: (Brown, 1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) On the reference page, you only include the secondary source (Mahone, 2018). When should I use quotes? In academic writing, there are three main situations where quoting is the best choice:
Don’t overuse quotes; your own voice should be dominant. If you just want to provide information from a source, it’s usually better to paraphrase or summarize. Cite this Scribbr articleIf you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
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