GERD affects about 20 percent of people in the United States. Left untreated, GERD can damage the esophagus and lead to health complications. Show
What Is GERD?When you swallow, a band of muscle around the esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), relaxes to let food and liquid into the stomach. It also prevents the stomach’s contents from flowing back up into the esophagus. If the sphincter relaxes too much or becomes too weak, your stomach acid can flow back into your esophagus, which can irritate the lining of the esophagus. Acid reflux is the main symptom of GERD. It can cause an uncomfortable burning in your chest or throat. This feeling is sometimes known as heartburn. Additional symptoms of GERD include:
Health Complications Associated with GERDAcid reflux exposes your esophagus to stomach acid. Your stomach is built to tolerate stomach acid, but your esophagus isn’t. Without treatment, GERD can damage your esophagus and lead to further health complications down the line. Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea, occurs when you feel as though you can't get enough air into your lungs. You may also feel tightness in your chest. Research suggests that GERD may be an underlying cause of asthma and other breathing problems. When stomach acid passes through the esophagus, it can cause irritation and swelling in the airways of your upper respiratory system, which includes your throat, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Symptoms of dyspnea include:
EsophagitisAcid reflux can cause inflammation that can damage the tissue in your esophagus. This inflammation is known as esophagitis. Esophagitis can lead to difficulty swallowing and chest pain. If left untreated, it can eventually damage the lining of the esophagus and cause other complications like scarring, difficulty swallowing, and narrowing of the esophagus. Symptoms of esophagitis include:
9 Serious Conditions That Can Feel Like Heartburn Esophageal UlcersWhen the lining of the esophagus becomes damaged due to acid reflux it can cause small open sores called esophageal ulcers. Esophageal ulcers typically occur in the lining of the lower part of the esophagus, where the esophagus meets the stomach. Symptoms of esophageal ulcers are:
Aspiration PneumoniaInhaling the stomach acid that rises into your throat can cause an infection in your lungs known as aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you breathe something other than air into your respiratory tract. Aspiration pneumonia caused by GERD isn't necessarily common, but it may happen as a consequence of chronically inhaling acid reflux. Untreated aspiration pneumonia can be dangerous and lead to lung scarring or lung abscesses–inflamed, pus-filled cavities in your lungs. Symptoms of aspiration pneumonia include:
Esophageal StrictureChronic acid reflux can also cause scarring or abnormal tissue growth in the esophagus. This can cause the esophagus to become tight and narrow. This narrowing of the esophagus is known as esophageal stricture, and it can make it tough to swallow. This difficulty passing foods and liquids into the stomach can also lead to breathing complications. Symptoms of esophageal stricture include:
Esophageal CancerThe damage to your esophageal tissue that GERD can cause can eventually lead to the development of esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer is the seventh most common type of cancer worldwide. This type of cancer starts at the inner layer of the esophagus and can spread throughout the other layers of the esophagus and other parts of the body. Symptoms of esophageal cancer include:
Treatment and Prevention of GERDIf you are looking to prevent GERD or avoid some of these complications, adopting certain lifestyle changes can be a great start:
Medications Used To Treat Acid RefluxA variety of medications can be used to treat acid reflux, including:
When Should I See a Doctor?If you experience symptoms of GERD or intense acid reflux multiple times a week, you should consider seeing your healthcare provider. A Quick ReviewAcid reflux is usually nothing to be worried about. However, if you experience GERD or acid reflux frequently and it is left untreated, it can lead to certain complications such as breathing problems, esophagitis, esophageal stricture, aspiration pneumonia, esophageal ulcers, or esophageal cancer. The sooner you seek treatment for GERD or acid reflux, the more you can help decrease your chances of developing health complications due to GERD. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback!Tell us why! Other SubmitSources Health.com uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
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