So much is happening inside your body during pregnancy. You might wonder what your baby will look like or what stage of development they are in. Most pressing of all, you may question if everything is OK in there. Show
Genetic testing allows parents (and doctors) to get a glimpse into the development of your baby. It also helps determine any genetic issues that need attention during or after your pregnancy. Here’s what you need to know about these tests, what the different types are, and when they’re usually performed. After the initial excitement of seeing your positive pregnancy test fades, you’ll need to make your first prenatal appointment. Throughout the next 9 months, your doctor will offer various tests that evaluate your health and your baby’s health. Some tests are intended to look for genetic or other health issues your baby may have. The idea is that, with this information, you can get proper medical care and feel informed about your child’s potential health complications. Some tests are suggested for everyone during pregnancy. Others may be based on other factors, like your age, ethnicity, or family medical history. That said, genetic screenings or tests are optional during pregnancy. There are two classifications of prenatal genetic testing. The key difference between the two is that one type assesses the possibility of issues while the other collects more detailed, definitive information for diagnosis. ScreeningScreening tests are generally noninvasive — for example, blood tests or ultrasound — and provide results that may indicate a baby has the potential for certain health issues or birth defects. These tests do not provide a diagnosis or confirm a diagnosis. In fact, screening tests may show there’s a potential issue when there really isn’t. Alternatively, screening tests may miss issues that are actually there. DiagnosticDiagnostic tests are generally more invasive — for example, collecting pieces of the placenta — and can provide definitive results about health issues or birth defects. Diagnostic tests are often offered to women over age 35, those with a history of birth defects, or those with certain health issues, like diabetes, lupus, or high blood pressure. Screening tests usually give a positive or negative result with regard to certain conditions or birth defects. They indicate the potential for issues versus a confirmation of diagnosis. Screenings may be performed in the first or second trimester. First trimester genetic screening testsThe following screening tests are performed together sometime between weeks 11 and 13 in pregnancy.
Second trimester genetic screening tests
Combined first and second trimester screeningInstead of taking the results from just one screening, your doctor may suggest gathering a combination of results from a first trimester and second trimester screening. Combining the information from these screenings can offer you a more accurate result than using one screening alone. Other genetic screening tests
Genetic tests in pregnancy involve testing the cells from the placenta or chorionic villi. There are various technologies used when testing these materials, including:
While most results may come back as “normal” or negative, this does not always mean that the baby has zero chances of having a genetic disorder. Again, any result you get from a screening test is not a black and white or “yes”/”no” answer as to whether or not your child will have a certain condition or birth defect. Instead, screenings reveal the potential for certain conditions and birth defects. Positive screening tests are confirmed (or can be confirmed) with further testing. A positive result on a diagnostic test means your baby has a higher risk of having whatever genetic issue or birth defect the test was looking for. If this happens, your doctor will discuss the different options available as well as any additional care you may need during and after your pregnancy. Your doctor may also refer you to a specialist for more information about the specific disorder. Can you refuse genetic testing while pregnant?Genetic testing is optional. It is your decision whether or not you want to receive genetic testing during your pregnancy. Speak with your doctor about the benefits versus risks of testing. Your doctor can help you make an informed decision that is best for you and your baby. That said, your doctor cannot perform genetic testing without your consent. Can you find out your baby’s sex through genetic testing?Yes. You may be able to learn the sex of your baby through genetic testing. For example, NIPT may be up to 98% accurate in predicting your baby’s sex. If the test detects a Y chromosome, your baby may be a boy. If the test does not detect a Y chromosome, your baby may be a girl. How long does it take to get the results from genetic testing?The amount of time it takes to receive your results from screenings or tests will depend on the test, the type of technology used, and the laboratory. In some cases, like with FISH, you may receive your results in just a couple of days. Other methods, like karyotyping, may take 1 to 2 weeks. Is genetic testing covered by health insurance?Some genetic testing may be included with your health insurance. Your coverage will depend on your policy and — in some cases — your risk factors, such as being over age 35, a history of genetic issues, or other reasons for testing as deemed necessary by your doctor. You can contact your health insurance provider for the specifics. If you have questions or concerns about genetic testing, make an appointment with your doctor. Testing is not required, but you can discuss the recommendations at a preconception appointment or at your first prenatal visit. Most women will get negative results with both genetic screening and diagnostic tests. For women who receive positive results, this information can be helpful with choosing further testing, receiving additional medical care, assessing pregnancy options or finding resources/support for after the baby is born. Is 9 weeks too early for genetic testing?Blood test.
Blood is drawn from a vein and sent to the lab for analysis. Cell-free fetal DNA blood testing may be done as early as 9 weeks.
What genetic testing is done at 12 weeks?Typically, first trimester screening is done between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. Using your age and the results of the blood test and the ultrasound, your health care provider can gauge your risk of carrying a baby with Down syndrome or trisomy 18.
Who needs genetic testing during pregnancy?They may have a family history of genetic conditions, or they may be older than 35. These women would seem to be good candidates for genetic testing during pregnancy – and they are. In fact, every pregnant woman is a candidate for genetic testing.
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